Romans 5:12
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Romans 5:12 teaches that sin entered the world through Adam, resulting in death spreading to all humanity because all have sinned. This pivotal verse highlights the doctrine of original sin—explaining the universal need for salvation and the reason for human mortality. It is central for discussions on human depravity, the transmission of sin, and the theological necessity for Christ’s redemptive work.
Summary
Wherefore, as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned:
Romans 5:12 stands as a cornerstone for the doctrine of original sin. The apostle Paul roots humanity’s fallen condition not in individual acts alone but in the solidarity of Adam as the 'federal head' of the human race. The Greek text ('δι' ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου' — dia henos anthrōpou, 'through one man') underscores Adam’s representative function (see also 1 Corinthians 15:21–22, https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+15%3A21-22&version=KJV). The phrase 'all have sinned' (πάντες ἥμαρτον — pantes hēmarton) indicates that death is both the result of Adam's sin imputed to all and of personal sin. This is foundational for understanding why justification (δικαίωσις — dikaiōsis) must come through the 'second Adam,' Jesus Christ, whose obedience brings righteousness and eternal life (cf. Romans 5:17–19, https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+5%3A17-19&version=KJV). Theologically, this passage is also vital for the doctrines of atonement and covenant headship.
Romans 5:12 reminds us that our greatest problems—sin, death, separation from God—aren’t just personal struggles but a shared human inheritance. Yet in facing this sobering truth, we discover the depth of God’s mercy. If Adam’s failure brought death to all, then Jesus’ victory opens the only true path to life. This verse calls us to humility and dependence: we cannot save ourselves. But it also assures us—God did not leave us in Adam. Through Christ, the second Adam, grace abounds even where sin once reigned. Today, let this truth humble your pride, deepen your gratitude, and draw you nearer to the Savior whose obedience and sacrifice offer you new life.